【關註公號，獲取音訊和練習答案】
原文
Diagnosing prostate cancer is easy. Perhaps too easy. If a blood test finds that you have high levels of a protein called prostate-specific antigen (PSA), you will probably be sent down a pathway that terminates in surgery. But PSA levels provide imperfect information—they can be high in healthy men. And in many cases the cancer remains harmless. Meanwhile, aggressive treatment can make men incontinent and impotent.
But artificial intelligence has brought some clarity. As recently reported in Cell Genomics, a journal, a trained neural network was fed genomic data from the prostate tumours of 159 men. The AI’s conclusion was startling: prostate cancer comes in two quite different varieties. Most tumours are of the relatively benign 「canonical」 variety. It is genetically distinct from the more aggressive 「alternative」 cancer. Men with the latter strain have worse prognoses. By figuring out which patients have which sort of cancer, the AI can help identify who really needs treatment.
生詞
概括
人工智慧能夠幫助區分兩種不同型別的前列腺癌，為治療提供更精確的指導。
解析
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) : 一種與前列腺健康密切相關的蛋白質，通常用於前列腺癌的篩查。PSA水平的測定是前列腺健康檢查中的一個重要方面，但這一指標並非完美，因為高PSA水平並不總是意味著癌癥。
be sent down a pathway : 這個短語通常用於描述某人被引導走上特定的過程或經歷。這裏指患者根據檢測結果被推薦進行一系列醫療步驟，可能最終導致手術或其他治療。例句：If preliminary tests are positive, patients might be sent down a pathway of more intensive diagnostic procedures.（如果初步測試結果是陽性的，患者可能會被引導進行更深入的診斷程式。）
imperfect information : 指資訊的不完整性或不精確性，這在醫學決策過程中是一個常見挑戰。例句：In the stock market, investors often have to make decisions based on imperfect information .（在股票市場上，投資者常常需要基於不完美的資訊做出決策。）
come in : 在這裏指的是事物出現或存在的方式，常用來描述不同類別或變體的存在。例句：In terms of solutions, options come in various forms, each with its advantages and drawbacks.（就解決方案而言，選項有各種形式，每種都有其優點和缺點。）
genetically distinct : 指基因組成或特征有明顯區別。在文章中指兩種不同型別的前列腺癌之間的基因差異。例句：The two species are genetically distinct , which explains their differing physical characteristics and behaviors.（這兩個物種在基因上有明顯的區別，這解釋了它們不同的物理特征和行為。）
prognosis : （復數形式prognoses）「預後」，這個醫學術語指的是對患者疾病發展的未來走向、恢復的可能性以及未來健康狀態的科學性預測。它通常基於大量病例統計、個體病情的具體分析以及多種相關因素的綜合評估。預後並不是對疾病結果的確定判斷，而是一種機率性的評估，它可以幫助患者和醫療團隊了解疾病可能的發展方向，從而制定合適的治療計劃和準備相應的應對措施。
figure out : 解決問題或理解復雜情況的過程。在這裏指的是確定患者具體患有哪種型別的癌癥。例句：After weeks of research, the team is finally figuring out how to improve the efficiency of the process.（經過數周的研究，團隊終於弄明白了如何提高過程的效率。）
轉譯
診斷前列腺癌很容易。也許太容易了。如果驗血發現你體內的前列腺特異性抗原（PSA）蛋白水平較高，你很可能會被送往手術室接受治療。但 PSA 水平提供的資訊並不完善——健康男性的 PSA 水平也可能偏高。而且在很多情況下，癌癥仍然是無害的。與此同時，激進的治療會使男性大小便失禁和陽痿。
不過，人工智慧已經提供了更清晰的答案。最近，【細胞基因組學】雜誌報道，一個訓練有素的神經網路從 159 名男性的前列腺腫瘤中獲取了基因組數據。人工智慧得出的結論令人震驚：前列腺癌有兩種截然不同的型別。大多數腫瘤屬於相對良性的「典型」型別。它與更具侵襲性的「非典型」癌癥在基因上截然不同。患有後一種癌癥的男性預後較差。透過找出哪些病人患有哪種癌癥，人工智慧可以幫助確定哪些人真正需要治療。
選擇題
1. According to the passage, what is the main issue with relying solely on PSA levels for diagnosing prostate cancer?
A. PSA levels can be inaccurate, leading to unnecessary treatment.
B. PSA levels are not considered a reliable diagnostic tool.
C. PSA levels are not correlated with the aggressiveness of prostate cancer.
D. PSA levels are too difficult to measure accurately.
2. What was the key finding of the AI's analysis of the genomic data?
A. Prostate cancer can be classified into two distinct types based on genetic factors.
B. Most prostate cancers are aggressive and require immediate treatment.
C. The genomic data was not sufficient to make accurate conclusions.
D. Prostate cancer is caused by a single genetic mutation.
3. According to the passage, what is a potential benefit of the AI's classification of prostate cancer types?
A. It could lead to more effective treatments for prostate cancer.
B. It could reduce the need for aggressive treatment in some cases.
C. It could improve the accuracy of PSA tests.
D. It could identify new biomarkers for prostate cancer.
4. The author's tone towards the current diagnostic methods for prostate cancer can best be described as:
A. Optimistic
B. Critical
C. Neutral
D. Dismissive
5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The AI's findings contradict previous research on prostate cancer.
B. The AI's analysis was based on a large dataset.
C. The AI's classification system is widely accepted by medical professionals.
D. The AI's analysis could lead to personalized treatment plans for prostate cancer patients.
【關註公號，獲取音訊和練習答案】
