「釋義」
工業4.0，或稱生產力4.0，是一個德國政府提出的高科技計劃。又稱為第四次工業革命。
所謂的4.0目標是著重於現有的工業相關的技術、銷售與產品體驗統合起來，透過工業人工智慧的技術建立具有適應力、資源效率和人因工程學的智慧工廠，並在商業流程及價值流程中整合客戶以及商業夥伴，提供完善的售後服務。其技術基礎是智慧整合感控系統及物聯網。
「套用場景」
多年來，德國政府和一些咨詢公司一直在推廣「工業4.0＂——透過機器人、人工智慧、物聯網和其他技術進步，大範圍數位化制造業。鼓勵公司透過增加新技術進行數位化和創新是好事。
For several years the German government and some consulting firms have promoted 「Industry 4.0,」 a broad program for digitizing manufacturing with robots, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and other technological advances. Encouraging companies to digitize and innovate by adding new technologies is a good thing.
然而工業4.0的另一些版本仍然采用傳統的資本密集型制造技術和供應鏈。這可能不夠理想，因為它們依然將增材制造視為原型設計和提供專門的零件的支持角色。這種漸進式數位化方法終將成為過去的保護傘，限制人們對充分利用增材制造所必器進行的反思。對傳統裝置進行大量投資的工廠將在以下方面面臨困難：客製產品，制造復雜零件，減少組裝，並根據不斷變化的市場需求調整生產。
But some versions of Industry 4.0 still assume conventional, capital-intensive manufacturing techniques and supply chains. That could be a bad thing, because it consigns additive manufacturing to a largely supporting role of prototyping and providing a few specialized parts. Such an incremental approach to digitization will end up protecting the past and preventing the rethinking necessary to take full advantage of additive’s capabilities. Factories with heavy investments in conventional equipment will struggle to customize products, make complex parts, reduce assembly, and adjust production to changing market demand.
因此，擁抱工業4.0的公司很可能會敗給那些能充分利用增材制造能力的更靈活對手。許多工業4.0信徒可能在長期上，會被固定成本和營運僵化拖垮。
Consequently, companies that embrace Industry 4.0 are likely to lose out to nimbler rivals that take full advantage of additive’s capabilities. Many Industry 4.0 devotees could end up with fixed costs and operational inflexibilities that sink them in the long term.
【3D打印的六種商業模式】
理察·達韋尼
2018年8月刊
「The 3-D Printing Playbook」
by Richard A. D’Aveni
編輯：馬冰侖
