「释义」
工业4.0，或称生产力4.0，是一个德国政府提出的高科技计划。又称为第四次工业革命。
所谓的4.0目标是着重于现有的工业相关的技术、销售与产品体验统合起来，透过工业人工智能的技术创建具有适应性、资源效率和人因工程学的智能工厂，并在商业流程及价值流程中集成客户以及商业伙伴，提供完善的售后服务。其技术基础是智能集成感控系统及物联网。
「应用场景」
多年来，德国政府和一些咨询公司一直在推广「工业4.0＂——通过机器人、人工智能、物联网和其他技术进步，大范围数字化制造业。鼓励公司通过增加新技术进行数字化和创新是好事。
For several years the German government and some consulting firms have promoted 「Industry 4.0,」 a broad program for digitizing manufacturing with robots, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and other technological advances. Encouraging companies to digitize and innovate by adding new technologies is a good thing.
然而工业4.0的另一些版本仍然采用传统的资本密集型制造技术和供应链。这可能不够理想，因为它们依然将增材制造视为原型设计和提供专门的零件的支持角色。这种渐进式数字化方法终将成为过去的保护伞，限制人们对充分利用增材制造所必器进行的反思。对传统设备进行大量投资的工厂将在以下方面面临困难：定制产品，制造复杂零件，减少组装，并根据不断变化的市场需求调整生产。
But some versions of Industry 4.0 still assume conventional, capital-intensive manufacturing techniques and supply chains. That could be a bad thing, because it consigns additive manufacturing to a largely supporting role of prototyping and providing a few specialized parts. Such an incremental approach to digitization will end up protecting the past and preventing the rethinking necessary to take full advantage of additive’s capabilities. Factories with heavy investments in conventional equipment will struggle to customize products, make complex parts, reduce assembly, and adjust production to changing market demand.
因此，拥抱工业4.0的公司很可能会败给那些能充分利用增材制造能力的更灵活对手。许多工业4.0信徒可能在长期上，会被固定成本和运营僵化拖垮。
Consequently, companies that embrace Industry 4.0 are likely to lose out to nimbler rivals that take full advantage of additive’s capabilities. Many Industry 4.0 devotees could end up with fixed costs and operational inflexibilities that sink them in the long term.
【3D打印的六种商业模式】
理查德·达韦尼
2018年8月刊
「The 3-D Printing Playbook」
by Richard A. D’Aveni
编辑：马冰仑
